Neanderthals and Sapiens: an unexpected collaboration 100,000 years ago 🤝

A cave in Israel reveals traces of coexistence between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens that differs significantly from what was previously imagined. The discoveries suggest advanced cultural and technical exchanges long before the disappearance of Neanderthals.

This interaction, dating back approximately 100,000 years, challenges the idea of simple competition between the two species. Excavations in Tinshemet Cave have uncovered burials, shared tools, and ochre pigments—all evidence of an unsuspected collaboration.

A cultural encounter in the Levant

Located just 6 miles (10 km) from the Nesher Ramla site, Tinshemet Cave has yielded exceptional remains. The flint tools, made using the Levallois technique, are identical to those used by both human groups. This technological uniformity indicates shared know-how rather than mere coexistence.

The discovered burials reveal similar funeral practices: bodies placed in fetal positions accompanied by red ochre. These rituals, once attributed solely to Homo sapiens, may have been shared with Neanderthals. The presence of this pigment, transported over long distances, highlights its symbolic importance.

Analysis of animal bones reveals a shared preference for large herbivores, such as aurochs. Coordinated hunting strategies reinforce the hypothesis of exchanges between the two species, going beyond simple coexistence.

Rituals and symbolic exchanges

The use of ochre in the Tinshemet burials is one of the most striking elements. This mineral, carefully selected and sometimes heated to intensify its color, may have been used for body markings or funeral rites. Such sophistication suggests shared symbolic thinking.

Researchers hypothesize that the cave may have served as a dedicated burial site. The arrangement of bodies and the presence of tools in the graves evoke common spiritual beliefs. These practices, previously associated only with Homo sapiens, may therefore have an older origin.

Interactions between these human groups would have fostered cultural homogenization. This discovery positions the Levant as a crucial crossroads in human evolution, where cooperation and transmission played a key role.

Going further: Why was ochre so important?

This mineral pigment, often red or yellow, was transported over dozens of miles (kilometers). Its use, attested in several prehistoric sites, includes body decoration, cave paintings, and funeral rites.

At Tinshemet, its presence in burials indicates a symbolic function. Some fragments show scraping marks, suggesting meticulous preparation for ritual uses.

Ochre may also have served as a social marker, distinguishing different human groups. Its shared use by Neanderthals and Homo sapiens reinforces the idea of a common culture.