How does snake venom cause deadly hemorrhages?

To study how snake venom causes deadly internal hemorrhages, scientists have developed a "blood vessel chip." This innovative device could also contribute to the creation of more effective new antivenoms.


This 3D chip incorporates human endothelial cells, the cells that line blood vessels, as well as an extracellular matrix. The structure faithfully mimics the shape and cellular composition of human microvessels, allowing researchers to observe blood flow and interactions with the venom.

The researchers used this chip to study the effects of different snake venoms on blood vessels. Their study, published in Scientific Reports, revealed how some venoms directly damage the membranes of endothelial cells, while others cause the disintegration of these cells, leading to the collapse of the vessels.

By exposing this chip to venoms from the Indian cobra, West African carpet viper, many-banded krait, and Mozambique spitting cobra, the team used specialized imaging techniques to observe the inflicted damage. Venoms from the families of vipers and elapids were particularly destructive.


This model provides a better understanding of the attack mechanisms of the toxins, according to Mátyás Bittenbinder, the lead author of the study. It could help develop better treatments for snakebites while reducing the need for animal experimentation.

Snakebites from venomous snakes cause between 81,000 and 138,000 deaths worldwide each year. The most effective treatment remains antivenom, though allergic reactions can occur. The innovation of the blood vessel chip could facilitate the development of new antivenoms, or even a universal antivenom.